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General information about Germanium |
| Germanium |
| Ge |
| 32 |
| Metalloids |
| 14 |
| 4 |
| p |
| grayish white |
| 72.64(1) g·mol-1 |
| 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d10 4s2p2 |
| 2, 8, 18, 4 |
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Physical properties of Germanium |
| solid |
| 5.323 g·cm−3 |
1211.40(K),
938.25°C, 1720.85°F |
| 3106(K),
2833°C, 5131 °F |
| ? |
| ? |
| 36.94 kJ·mol-1 |
| 334 kJ·mol-1 |
| 23.222 J·mol-1·K-1 |
| 2.01 (Pauling scale) |
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Atomic structure of Germanium |
| 1.52 Å |
| 13.6 cm³/mol |
| 1.22 Å |
| 2.2 |
| Cubic face centered |
| 53 (+4e) 73 (+2e) |
| 4p2 |
| 32 |
| 41 |
| 32 |
| 4 |
| 4s2p2 |
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Electron dot
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Other languages |
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| Latin: |
Germanium |
| Czech: |
Germanium |
| Croatian: |
Germanij |
| French: |
Germanium |
| German: |
Germanium - s |
| Italian: |
Germanio |
| Norwegian: |
Germanium |
| Portuguese: |
Germânio |
| Spanish: |
Germánio |
| Swedish: |
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| Element |
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Brief description |
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Germanium has a melting point of 937.4°C, boiling point of 2830°C, specific gravity of 5.323 (25° C), with valences of 2 and 4. In pure form, the element is a grayish white metalloid. It is crystalline and brittle and retains its luster in air. Germanium and its oxide are transparent to infrared light.
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Uses of Germanium |
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Germanium is an important semiconductor material. It is commonly doped with arsenic or gallium at the level of one part per 1010 for electronics. Germanium is also used as an alloying agent, a catalyst, and as a phosphor for fluorescent lamps. The element and its oxide are used in highly sensitive infrared detectors and other optical devices. The high index of refraction and dispersion of germanium oxide has led to its use in glasses for use in microscope and camera lenses. Organic germanium compounds have a relatively low toxicity to mammals, but are lethal to certain bacteria, giving these compounds potential medical importance.
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Hystory of Germanium |
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- Discoverer: Clemens A Winkler
- Discovery Location: Germany
- Discovery Year: 1886
- Name Origin: Latin: Germania (Germany)
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